Louis XIV, The Sun King Essays - Knights Of The Golden Fleece

Louis XIV, The Sun King Louis XIV, The Sun King Louis XIV was only four years old when he succeeded his father to the French throne. Often uncared for, he nearly drowned because no one was watching him as he played near a pond. This began to shape in his young mind an early fear of God. Louis' character was also shaped by the French Civil War. In this, the Paris Parlement rose against the crown. For five years, Louis would suffer fear, cold, hunger and other spirit-breaking events. He would never forgive Paris, the nobles, or the common people. Finally, in 1653, Cardinal Jules Mazarin was able to end the rebellion. He began to instruct Louis on his position as king. Even though Louis XIV was now of age, the Cardinal remained the dominant authority in French politics. French kings gained respect as a soldier; Louis served with the French army during France's war with Spain. His biggest battle, however, was sacrificing his love for Mazarin's niece for politics. In 1660 he married the daughter of the king of Spain to bring peace between the two countries. Mazarin died March 9, 1661. On March 10, Louis claimed supreme authority in France. Not since Henry IV had such a claim been made. Louis saw himself as God's representative on earth, therefore, infallible. He oversaw roadbuilding, court decorum, defense, and disputes within the church. He had the support initially of his ministers, then that of the French people. He had given France the image it desired-youth and vitality surrounded by magnificence. Louis won the favor of the nobles by making it evident that their future depended on their ability stay on his good side. This weakened the nobility, and would eventually weaken France. Louis had among his supportors a wide spectrum of individuals. Writers such as Moliere were ordered to glorify him. Monuments rose throughout the country and Louis had palaces built in his honor. The most elaborate was Versailles, located outside Paris. Away from disease, Versailles also isolated the king from his people. The aristocracy became mysterious. France was also undergoing an economic revolution. Exports were increased, and a navy, merchant marine, and police association emerged. Roads, ports and canals were being built. He invaded the Spanish Nederlands in 1667. The restarted war between France and Spain would be on again, off again for the remainder of Louis' reign. In 1668, the French army retreated under pressure from Dutch and English forces. Louis swore to defeat the Dutch and ruin their Protestant mercantile republic. He allied himself with his cousin, Charles II of England, and invaded the Netherlands in 1672. Louis was victorious when the Treaty of Mijmegen was signed in 1678. When the Dutch were defeated, he had also defeated its allies, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. France's borders had expanded to the north and the east. His navy had become as as large as that of England and Holland. His private life was not as fortunate. Friends had been implicated in the Affair of the Poisons, where eminent people had been accused of sorcery and murder. Louis ordered his court to become discrete. The seat of Government was transferred to Versailles in 1682. When the Queen died, he married her Mme de Maintenon, who had been governess to the King's children. Louis did not understand the reformation, and he viewed French Protestants as threats to the throne. He revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had granted them freedom of worship. Many left France, those that remained were persecuted. England, the Dutch, and the Holy Roman Empire united in 1688 in the Grand Alliance to stop French expansion. This war ended in 1697 with the signing of the Treaty of Rijswijk. France lost part of its territory, and Louis lost public support. He was forced to recognize William of Orange as king of England. This went against his belief that the Stuarts had divine right to the throne. Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain died in 1700, and bequeathed his kingdoms to Louis' grandson, Philip of Anjou (Philip V). Although initially opposed to the inheritance, Louis finally went along with it in order to prevent Spain from falling into the hands of the Holy Roman emperor, Leopold I, who disputed Philip's claim. In the War of the Spanish Succession the anti-French alliance was reactivated by William of Orange. By 1709, France was near to losing all it had gained over the past century. Louis' private life was also a wreck: his son, two grandsons, and a great grandson died. Instead of breaking down as was expected, he held himself together. He bore not

Timeline of Caribbean Prehistory - Precolumbian

Timeline of Caribbean Prehistory - Precolumbian Earliest Migrations into the Caribbean: 4000-2000 BC The earliest evidence of people moving into the Caribbean islands dates to around 4000 BC. Archaeological evidence comes from sites in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Lesser Antilles. These are mainly stone tools similar to the ones from the Yucatan peninsula, suggesting these people migrated from Central America. Alternatively, some archaeologists also find similarities among this stone technology and the North American tradition, suggesting movement from Florida and the Bahamas. These first comers were hunter-gatherers who had to change their lifestyle moving from a mainland into a island environment. They collected shellfish and wild plants, and hunted animals. Many Caribbean species became extinct after this first arrival. Important sites of this period are the Levisa rockshelter, Funche Cave, Seboruco, Couri, Madrigales, Casimira, Mordn-Barrera, and Banwari Trace. Fisher/Collectors: Archaic period 2000-500 BC A new colonization wave occurred around 2000 BC. In this period people reached Puerto Rico and a major colonization of the Lesser Antilles occurred. These groups moved into the Lesser Antilles from South America, and they are the bearers of the so-called Ortoiroid culture, dating between 2000 and 500 BC. These were still hunter-gatherers who exploited both coastal and terrestrial resources. The encounter of these groups and the descendants of the original migrants produced and increase in cultural dvariability among the different islands. Important sites of this period are Banwari Trace, Ortoire, Jolly Beach, Krum Bay, Cayo Redondo, Guayabo Blanco. South American Horticulturalists: Saladoid Culture 500 – 1 B.C. Saladoid culture takes its name from the Saladero site, in Venezuela. People bearing this cultural tradition migrated from South America into the Caribbean around 500 BC. They had a different life style from the people already living in the Caribbean. They lived in one place year-round, instead of moving seasonally, and constructed large communal houses organized into villages. They consumed wild products but also cultivated crops like manioc, which was domesticated thousand of years before in South America. Most importantly, they produced a distinct type of pottery, finely decorated along with other craftworks, such as basketry and feather works. Their artistic production included carved human and animal bones and skulls, jewelry made out of shells, mother-of-pearl and imported turquoise. They moved quickly through the Antilles, reaching Puerto Rico and Haiti/Dominican Republic by 400 B.C. The Saladoid Florescence: 1 BC – AD 600 Large communities developed and many Saladoid sites were occupied for centuries, generation after generation. Their lifestyle and culture changed as they coped with changing climates and environments. The islands landscape changed too, due to the clearance of large areas for cultivation. Manioc was their main staple and the sea played a pivotal role, with canoes connecting the islands with South American mainland for communication and trade. Important Saladoid sites include: La Hueca, Hope Estate, Trants, Cedros, Palo Seco, Punta Candelero, Sorcà ©, Tecla, Golden Rock, Maisabel. The Rise of Social and Political Complexity: AD 600 – 1200 Between A.D. 600 and 1200, a series of social and political differentiations arose within Caribbean villages. This process would ultimately lead to the development of the Taà ­no chiefdoms encountered by the Europeans in the 26th century. Between A.D. 600 and 900, there was not yet a marked social differentiation within villages. But a large population growth along with new migrations in the Greater Antilles, especially Jamaica which was colonized for the first time, produced a series of important changes. In Haiti and the Dominican Republic, fully sedentary villages based on farming were widespread. These were characterized by features like ball courts, and large settlements arranged around open plazas. There was an intensification of agricultural production and artifacts such as three-pointers, typical of the later Taà ­no culture, appeared. Finally, the typical Saladoid pottery was replaced by a simpler style called Ostionoid. This culture represents a mix of Saladoid and earlier tradition already present in the islands. The Taà ­no Chiefdoms: AD 1200-1500 Taà ­no culture emerged out of the above described traditions. There was a refinement of political organization and leadership which ultimately became what we know as the historical Taà ­no chiefdoms encountered by the Europeans. Taà ­no tradition was characterized by larger and more numerous settlements, with houses organized around open plazas, which were the focus of social life. Ball games and ball courts were an important religious and social element. They grew cotton for clothing and were crafted woodworkers. An elaborate artistic tradition was essential part of their daily life. Important Tainos sites include: Maisabel, Tibes, Caguana, El Atadijizo, Chacuey, Pueblo Viejo, Laguna Limones. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Caribbean History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Wilson, Samuel, 2007, The Archaeology of the Caribbean, Cambridge World Archaeology Series. Cambridge University Press, New York Wilson, Samuel, 1997, The Caribbean before European Conquest: A Chronology, in Taà ­no: Pre-Columbian Art and Culture from the Caribbean. El Museo del Barrio:  Monacelli Press, New York, edited by Fatima Bercht, Estrella Brodsky, John Alan Farmer and  Dicey Taylor. Pp. 15-17

Asserting Your Independence by Testing The Boundaries of Sexuality in The Storm

I am involved in my own personal marriage duties to people other than myself. But as the story goes on, their enthusiasm for each other exceeds the desire to keep dedicated to partners. The vast majority of the storm story means that testing the boundaries of human sexuality is one of the more passionate forms of asserting independence. This approach is very different from the opposition of traditional culture, which is completely opposite to experiments and passions other than self-marriage. Author Kate Chopin expresses women's freedom with her two short stories Storm and One Hour Story. She is a landmark writer of women's independence and human sexuality. Through these two short stories, Chopin describes the lives of two women who have found their freedom in times when society can not accept equality between women and men. Arashi uses love and marriage as a comprehensive passion to impede freedom. One hour story connects love and marriage to misfortune and depression I am involved in my own personal marriage duties to people other than myself. But as the story goes on, their enthusiasm for each other exceeds the desire to keep dedicated to partners. The vast majority of the storm story means that testing the boundaries of human sexuality is one of the more passionate forms of asserting independence. - INTRODUCTION John Milton is widely believed to be familiar with Dante Alighieri who has a great influence on Milton's epic Paradise Lost. The meaning of comedy of God to Milton is especially in hell of Dante and in Purgatorio. The scholars quoted Dante's huge response to Milton's work and compared the two great poets over the centuries. Asserting Your Independence by Testing The Boundaries of Sexuality in The Storm I am involved in my own personal marriage duties to people other than myself. But as the story goes on, their enthusiasm for each other exceeds the desire to keep dedicated to partners. The vast majority of the storm story means that testing the boundaries of human sexuality is one of the more passionate forms of asserting independence. This approach is very different from the opposition of traditional culture, which is completely opposite to experiments and passions other than self-marriage. Author Kate Chopin expresses women's freedom with her two short stories Storm and One Hour Story. She is a landmark writer of women's independence and human sexuality. Through these two short stories, Chopin describes the lives of two women who have found their freedom in times when society can not accept equality between women and men. Arashi uses love and marriage as a comprehensive passion to impede freedom. One hour story connects love and marriage to misfortune and depression I am involved in my own personal marriage duties to people other than myself. But as the story goes on, their enthusiasm for each other exceeds the desire to keep dedicated to partners. The vast majority of the storm story means that testing the boundaries of human sexuality is one of the more passionate forms of asserting independence. - INTRODUCTION John Milton is widely believed to be familiar with Dante Alighieri who has a great influence on Milton's epic Paradise Lost. The meaning of comedy of God to Milton is especially in hell of Dante and in Purgatorio. The scholars quoted Dante's huge response to Milton's work and compared the two great poets over the centuries.

Business Law - the law of contract Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law - the law of contract - Case Study Example The prospective buyer, by offering that price is himself the offeror and his offer, if accepted, create a binding contract. 1 For this case, James just noticed a gold watch with a price tag of 25 hence it neither does nor compels the store person to sell the gold watch at that particular price. The price tag with the gold watch was just inviting others to make an offer of their own on how much they are to buy the watch. A binding contract would have been created when the store person (Elizabeth) would have accepted the offer made by James since the price with the gold watch was just inviting customers to make their offer. Normally, invitation to a treat is used to request expression of interest from the customers. For this case, any product with a price tag does not compel the store person to sell his product at that price but requests, an expression of interest from the customer to make their offer and binding contract of sale would occur when he agrees to sell at that price. 2 Invitation to treat must be distinguished from an offer. This is because, invitation to a treat invites for people with to make on an offer whereas, in a offer, the offeror make in an offer and just wait for people to accept that offer. In order for a coIn order for a contract to be enforceable, it must fulfill certain basic requirements. There must be an agreement based upon genuine consent of the parties, supported by a consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. A relevant case studied in the issue of invitation to treat is that of: Pharmaceutical Society of Britain v. Boots Chemists of 1953 Goods were sold in Boots Chemist shop under the self-service system. Customers selected their purchases from the shelves, put them into baskets supplied by Boots Chemists and took them to the cash desk where they paid the price. It was held that the customer made the offer when he presented them at the cash desk, and not when he removed them from the shelves.3 The price tag with the gold watch was merely inviting James to make his offer on the price he would like to buy the gold watch at and does not compel him to sell at that price. For this case, a contract would have been made when James collects the watch from the shelves and place it on the counter if Elizabeth agrees to sell it at that price. But since the 25 price with the gold watch was merely inviting customers to make an offer but not sell it at that price. By taking the money from James, it would mean that Elizabeth had agreed to sell the gold watch at that price. For this case, it would be immaterial for James to state that he has a right to purchase a gold watch at 25 as indicated on the price tag. He would not succeed in any court of law for him to be sold the gold watch at 25. Another case studied on invitation to treat was that of:- Fisher v. Bell of 1961 On this case, Bell a shopkeeper, displayed a flick knife priced at four shilling in his shop window. He was charged with offering for sale an offensive weapon contrary to the restriction of offensive weapon act. It was held that a mere display of the goods in a shop window is not by itself an offer for sale. Bell was not bound to sell the knife to any one entering his shop and offering to him four shillings. 4 A mere display of a gold watch at 25

Principles of Marketing CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Marketing CA - Essay Example (10%)   Using the five stage model of the Purchase Decision Process in the model of consumer buying behavior described in Module 1, describe in detail the process you went through in making each purchase. Bear in mind that the purpose of the assignment is to demonstrate the depth of your understanding of the teaching materials. (20%)   Second Page   Identify and discuss the differences between the ways you went through the purchase decision processes for the two products. (20%)   Third and Fourth Pages   Assume now that you are marketing brands in two of the product categories listed above. Applying only the teaching materials, specifically the presentation "Uses of a Model of Buying Behavior", explain how you might use your understanding of the Model of Consumer Buying Behavior in marketing the two products. (Note that you are asked to APPLY the teaching materials, and thus simply listing what marketers can do in general is not sufficient. You should think about what is ex plained in the teaching materials and then apply that learning to two of the product categories listed above). ... The operating system was a high involvement purchase since it was very expensive yet there was the risk of it not being compatible with the computer programs that I intended to use. However, I was convinced by the vendor that it would work. Moreover, the operating system was significant and pertinent to my work. I also did not have much time since the deadline for project submission was fast approaching. The Domino’s pizza was a low involvement purchase since there was no risk involved, neither was it expensive. Moreover, I could have skipped it until supper time back home. Purchase Decision Process I recognized the need to have the computer software and decided to engage in information search regarding various brands and vendors. I checked online advertisements for different operating systems and found descriptions that matched my need. I found out that there were different operating systems such as windows XP, windows 7, and Linux which I could also apply to satisfy my needs . Both windows XP and the more recent windows 7 are products of Microsoft Corporation, which is a recognized company with strong brand equity. I was familiar with windows XP than the rest, hence I settled on the decision to buy it. After installation in my computer, the software worked well and I am satisfied with it. The Domino’s pizza I had at the restaurant did not involve all these steps in purchase decision making. Rather, I felt hungry and saw the restaurant. I entered, looked at the menu and found that the price of pizza was affordable and reasonable to me. I ordered, tasted it and felt that it was well cooked. I ate it, paid and left with the thought of passing by the restaurant for another pizza in future. Differences in the Purchase Decision Processes In

Current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Essay Example for Free

Current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Essay Identify the current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Legislation covering child protection can be divided into two main categories : civil law and criminal law. The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 – This is an older piece of legislation of which some parts are still in forced today. It includes a list of offences against children, these are referred to as Schedule One offences. The Children Act 1989 –The current child protection system is based on the Children Act 1989. The introduction of this act was intended to be the most compressive and far reaching reform in child law in parliamentary history. The main aim of this law is to ensure that the welfare of a child is always considered as the most important factor when making any decisions about the upbringing of a child. The act also considers the thought and feelings of the child in a situation and bases decisions on whether the outcome would be better or worse for the child. It introduced the concept of parental responsibility. Two guidance documents are available to help professionals to identify children that may be at risks and the steps to take to help prevent this occurring. These documents are intended to be used with The Children Act 1989. The first is called, Guidance on interagency cooperation under the Children Act 1989, which was first published in 1991. The second which was published in 2000 was titled The Framework for the assessment of children in need and their families. Below are listed the variations of the policy throughout the UK. Safeguarding children: working together under the Children Act 2004 – This is the current guidance for Wales. The Children Order 1995 – Northern Ireland. The Children Act 1995 – Scotland. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 – This includes the right for a child to be protected from abuse, the right to express their views and have them listen to and the right to care and services for disabled children or children living away from home. The Human Rights Act 1998 – This protects the rights of all human beings, in the eyes of the law children are seen as human beings and therefore the Human Rights act covers their rights as well. The Education Act 2002 – This was introduced to ensure that a schools governing body and LEA make arrangements for the safeguarding and welfare of children. The Adoption and Children Act 2002 This expands on the Children Act 1989 by including domestic violence in the definition of harm. The Children Act 2004 – This new act didn’t replace or amend the Children Act 1989, instead it set out the process for integrating services to children. Further acts that followed the 2004 Children Act include – The Children and Adoption Act 2006, Children and Young Persons Act 2008, The Boarders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 and the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009. Legislation to protect children from adults that pose a risk. The 1997 Sex Offenders Act – Requires sex offenders to have their names and addresses added to the sex offenders register. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 – This was introduced to update the legislation relating to offences against children. It included the offences of grooming, abuse of position of trust and trafficking. Further policies include – The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. E-Safety A School’s e-Safety Policy reflects the importance it places on the safe use of information systems and electronic communications. e-Safety encompasses not only Internet technologies but also electronic communications via mobile phones, games consoles and wireless technology. It highlights the need to educate children and young people about the benefits, risks and responsibilities of using information technology. * E-Safety concerns safeguarding children and young people in the digital world. * E-Safety emphasises learning to understand and use new technologies in a positive way. * E-Safety is less about restriction and more about education about the risks as well as the benefits so we can feel confident online. * E-Safety is concerned with supporting children and young people to develop safer online behaviours both in and out of school. The Internet is an unmanaged, open communications channel. The World Wide Web, email, blogs and social networks all transmit information using the Internet’s communication infrastructure internationally at low cost. Anyone can send messages, discuss ideas and publish material with little restriction. These features of the Internet make it an invaluable resource used by millions of people every day. Some of the material on the Internet is published for an adult audience and can include violent and adult content. Information on weapons, crime and racism may also be unsuitable for children and young people to access. Pupils need to develop critical skills to evaluate online material and learn that publishing personal information could compromise their security and that of others. Schools have a duty of care to enable pupils to use on-line systems safely. Schools need to protect themselves from legal challenge and ensure that staff work within the boundaries of professional behaviour. The law is catching up with Internet developments: for example it is an offence to store images showing child abuse and to use email, text or instant messaging (IM) to ‘groom’ children. Schools can help protect themselves by making it clear to pupils, staff and visitors that the use of school equipment for inappropriate reasons is â€Å"unauthorised† and ensure an Acceptable Use Policy is in place. E-Safety training is an essential element of staff induction and part of an on-going CPD programme. However, schools should be aware that a disclaimer is not sufficient to protect a school from a claim of personal injury and the school needs to ensure that all reasonable actions have been taken and measures put in place to protect users. Legally an educational institutions e-safety policy ties into multiple laws and legislation.

Violence in Christianity Essay -- Violence Christianity Religion War E

Violence in Christianity Violence, it has been a main tool in the Christian arsenal since the middle ages. From the Crusades to the Inquisitions of Spain, violence is ever prevalent. Even in this day and age, intolerance and violence continue to be preached. But is this violence an instrument of God or man? Is violence an inherent part of this religion? Some would say that it is indeed built in to the very fabric of its being. The Old Testament is full of the smiting of infidels and those who defy God. The Book of Revelations tells of the violent and fiery demise of this entire planet. There are instances of mass genocide, the killing of innocent children, holy wars, you name a violent act and God has called for it. The story of Noah recounts how God killed off everyone in the world save one family. This violence, some speculate, is a result of man?s own doing. Perhaps God?s word was miss-interpreted or those in power sought to legitimize their own violent acts through the involvement of religion. Regar dless of whether it was God or man that made religion violent, it is now deeply a part of it. The very involvement of religion into a dispute can cause the dispute to escalate exponentionally. ?Limited mundane conflict may escalate into violence when the issues at stake are imbued with religious ultimacy. (Klausner 268)? Violence not only plays a strong role in both commandment and practice, it is part of the very core of this belief system. From the zeal and fervor of conversion to the conquest in the name of a deity, violence is ingrained into religion?s very being. ?Religion? engenders an energy that may be experienced as despair or as enthusiasm? Despair can feed an urge to rid the world of pollution and sin (Klausner 268).? Violence in the religious realm may serve several purposes. It can be an end unto itself, a means to accomplish a religious or religious/economic/political goal. It can be done to invoke terror and awe, as in ?witness the power of our God and tremble before his might.? However it is enacted and whatever its reasons, violence is now an inescapable inevitability in religion?s ongoing battle between Good and Evil. In attempting to prove this, I will be drawing on a body of information collected from the Bible; The Encyclopedia of Religion: Articles on: Violence, Crusades, Inquis ition; Ethics: Violence; Dictionary of Middle Age... ... Roman gods certainly seem to be human projections onto the divine; perhaps we as Christians just projected a human father figure onto a beard in the sky as a means of protection and justification for the wickedness of man. After all, if it is in the name of God, how can we be wrong? Bibliography Candelaria, Michael R. Ethics. Ed. John K. Roth. ?Violence.? Salem Press Inc.: 1994. Finucane, R.C. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. ?Inquisition, The.? Macmilian Publishing Co.: 1986. Johnson, James Turner. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Ed. James F. Childress & John Macquarrie. ?Just War?. The Westminster Press: 1986 Klausner, Samuel Z. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. ?Violence.? Macmilian Publishing Co.: 1986. Little, Donald P. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. ?Crusades.? Macmilian Publishing Co.: 1986. New American Standard Bible. Russell, Frederick H. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. ?Crusade, Concept of.? American Council of Learned Societies: 1984. Wakefield, Walter L. Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. ?Inquisition.? American Council of Learned Societies: 1984.

The Design For Manufacture Engineering Essay

A fabrication system contain a big figure of different procedures or phases which independently and jointly, affects merchandise cost, merchandise quality and productiveness of the overall system. The interactions between these assorted facet of fabricating systems are complex and determinations made refering one facet have consequence which extend to the others shown in fig below.Figure: – Fabrication Interactions [ 4 ]Design for industry is concerned with understanding these interactions and utilizing this information to optimise the fabricating systems with regard to cost, quality and productiveness. More specially DFM is concerned with understanding how merchandise design cooperate with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying merchandise design options which help do easy planetary optimisation of the fabricating systems as a whole. [ 4 ] Design for Manufacturability ( DFM ) is a betterment plan that can minimise labour, stuffs, procedure, and production costs without giving the quality of the merchandise. DFM focuses on how the merchandise design interacts with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying design options. In planing for manufacturability the elements of a merchandise and a procedure are analyzed to develop a fabrication system that meets the demands of organisation. In most companies interior decorators and fabrication installations are separated and have little interaction. The basic rule of DFM is to fall in the two into a functional group that will understand and understand the possible drivers of manufacturability that produces quality merchandises for the client. So in our instance, as the constituent to be manufactured is a cylinder block and is bespoke designed and a really low volume production for which design for industry constructs need to be applied. So, in this instance the design for industry constructs associating to big volume production can non be straight applied and therefore DFM constructs associating to rapid prototyping will be more applicable. And, due to the nature of the fabrication demands of this construct, there will be different challenges than those of a mass production demand. Prototyping, the first physical proverb of a design construct, often requires a big investing of clip and money to depict the procedures and tooling. The design goes through alteration during the portion industry as a consequence of the information added during the prototyping stage. Thus the clip taken from the construct phase to the terminal merchandises is longer with regard to that for occupation store fabrication. These limitation suggest the demand for a design for manufacturability atmosphere to diminish the entire cost and the fabricating lead clip for the first portion. When a thought is transformed to an really manufacturable portion design, many alterations are common. The fabrication procedure is often selected on the footing of portion form and size, stuff belongingss and production volume. Such alteration in fabrication procedures is common in the batch and mass production. But in prototyping and occupation stores it is by and large non easy to do common or major alterations in the fabrication processes. When conventional fabrication method is used to make paradigm, the long lead clip and the high cost cut down the figure of ideas that are truly converted into paradigms and theoretical accounts. For illustration in our instance the cylinder block demands to hold structural rigidness, wear opposition, corrosion opposition, high thermic conduction and thermic stableness and visible radiation in weight. This requires a usage of the different stuffs, fabrication procedures, analyses, and eventually proving over a broad scope of operating conditions for each design option. High velocity digital computing machines have helped the design applied scientist to analyse the options. However, every bit long as conventional procedures are used. It is non possible to prototype a big figure of design constructs, each necessitating specialized tooling and machine tools. This expression like one of the major jobs in diminishing the entire growing clip. [ 1 ]Design for Manufacturing – Guideline s [ 6 ]The bosom of any design for fabrication system is a design principles or guidelines that are prepared to assist the interior decorator decrease the cost and complexness of fabrication of merchandise. The guidelines are: lessen the entire figure of parts Homogenize constituents Use common parts across merchandise lines Homogenize design characteristics Aspire to keep designs functional and simple Design parts to be multifunctional Design parts for simpleness of industry Avoid highly tight tolerances Lessen secondary and finishing operations Employ the particular features of procedures.General Design Rules: – [ 6 ]Design for little – workers -cost operations Design a portion so that as many fabricating operations as possible can be achieved with no resettlement it. Design for all-purpose tooling whenever possible Avoid crisp corners Design light weight Measurement from surfaces whenever possible Avoid thin walls, thin webs, or similar features that will ensue in dimensions due to fabrication. Avoid little holes and threaded features because tool cleft and portion bit rise. Avoid undercuts that will necessitate a particular tools and operations. Design round the criterion cutters, bore spot sizes of other tools. For threaded hole ; Design for full yarn deepness. Typically 1.5 ten major diameters gives sufficient keeping power. Drilled hole deepness is suggested to be at least equal to the full yarn plus ? major diameter, but ne'er less than 0.050 † . When material thickness license, thru holes are favoured The design of the cylinder block is already exist based on basic map required. So in that design it is really difficult to alter anything. But some of the design form can be change for Ease of machining with utilizing the DFM guidelines and design regulations.For illustration the design form of oil transition manner in the mention theoretical account block ( AJ-V8 ) is half rectangular and half curvature can be redesign utilizing DFM guidelines for easiness of machining in to the hole form. So antecedently design ( rectangular/Curvature ) needed the casting or slotting and boring operation while new design ( Hole ) is merely needed the boring operation. This both design provides the same map of oil way from caput to oil pan.Conventional Design and industry and different DFM methodsFigure: -Sequence of events prevailing in industry for the design and industry of merchandise [ 2 ]The above flow chart shows the assorted stairss in the instance of conventional theoretical account of desi gn and industry of merchandises. This is a really chronological manner of bring forthing constituents. This sequence start with the construct of an program for a new or modified merchandise. These thoughts for new and enhanced merchandises come from the clients, employees and new engineering. After the blessing of thought, the new or improved merchandise is so designed, engineered and analyzed for map and public presentation. A design stage is dwelling of industrial or merchandise design stage and applied scientist design stage. Next an analysis of the design from point of position of map and public presentation takes topographic point. Next the design is detailed as the staying dimensions and tolerances are added, the stuff is specified, and production drawing is produced. Finally the merchandise is twisted over to fabricating where both production design and procedure design takes topographic point. [ 2 ] This consecutive manner of the operation is still found in the industry today.Design for industry elementsFigure: – Cardinal elements of successful design for industry [ 3 ] As it can be seen from the fig above there are assorted elements that make up the design for industry possible. These are: Team Work Coincident technology DFM Techniques And in general the whole thought is based around the fabrication procedure used in the devising of the portion in inquiry. Four constituents of DFM are represented in the diagram by overlapping circles to emphasis their mutuality and the demand for them all to be in a competitory merchandise debut procedure. By using the DFM chief early in new merchandise design, optimum usage is made of stuffs and procedures, when alteration is easier and less expensive and overall cumulative usage and merchandise debut procedure lead clip are reduced.Modified DFM for this undertakingAssorted elements of a criterion DFM which are non required for this undertaking ‘s design have been eliminated in order to maintain merely the 1s that are required. These elements are: Undertaking Concept Purchased constituents Merchandise Design Material choice Procedure choice Production system design End MerchandiseFigure: – Modified DFM for Cylinder BlockThe above diagram shows the modified DFM for the cylinder block. The purpose is to plan a cylinder block that is easy and economically manufactured as design precedes from construct design, to constellation and parametric design and to detail design, the stuff and procedure choice becomes more elaborate. The DFM is commanding all 6 parametric quantities and end product of this whole procedure is an terminal merchandise a cylinder block. The value of DFM is highlighted by the fact that approximately 70 % of fabrication costs like stuff cost and machining cost of a merchandise is determined by design judgement, with production judgement for illustration tool and machine choice and procedure planning is responsible for merely 20 % .Purchased constituentsNormally the undertaking chief restraint is to utilize the installations available in the Coventry University foremost. So in this undertaking it been seek to utilize the upp er limit installations i.e. machine, stuffs, tools, workshops etc. available in Coventry University. But Some of the installation is non available in university and without that peculiar installations it is impossible to finish this undertaking ( fabrication of the cylinder block ) .For illustration to supply a proper wear opposition interior cylinder dullard surface, the casting technique is used typically, which installation is non available in university. The other and last option is to buy the ready made dramatis personae Fe or Al-Si A390 line drives. The size of the engine is really little, it is merely a paradigm theoretical account so its really difficult to acquire the ready made cylinder line drives from out side maker, It need to order for industry and so buy it. Besides the whole cylinder block is traveling to be industry from the aluminum alloys A356. ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy needed size of note stuff ( block ) .And the stuff for the fixture home base and chief bearing cap is cast Fe ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy the dramatis personae Fe note bock from outside maker every bit good. In this undertaking cylinder bore arm and the grouch instance will be purchase as the workshop installations are non capable for fabricating these constituents to the needed specifications.Material choices and proceduresThe designation of the importance of stuffs choice in design has increased in recent old ages. The importance given to quality and cost facets of fabrication in present twenty-four hours merchandise design has highlight the fact that stuffs and fabrication are closely related in determining concluding merchandise public presentation. The scope of stuffs available to the applied scientist is much broader than of all time earlier. This presents the chance for originality in design by utilizing these stuffs to offer greater public presentation at lower cost. Geting these benefits needs a logical procedure for stuffs choice. Wrongly chosen stuff can take non merely to failure of the block but besides to excessive life-cycle cost. Choosing the best stuff for a block involv es more than taking both a stuff that has the belongingss to provide the necessary public presentation in service and the processing techniques used to bring forth the finished portion. Fig- Modified Interrelationship between stuffs choices and fabrication in Cylinder block design. Figure shows the modified interrelatedness between cylinder block design public presentation demands, stuff belongingss, and fabricating consideration in choosing the stuff and in planing the cylinder block. In this Block design, stuff belongingss and the fabrication procedure country interrelated with each other. That means the any alteration in one of them affects the other two parametric quantities. Measure by measure material choice procedure as per the item design and the cylinder block public presentation demands are described subsequently in inside informations. The stuff chosen here is the Aluminium alloys-A356-T4 for the cylinder block and aluminum alloys A390-T4 for the cylinder line drives. The all belongingss of aluminum metals are precisely fit with the public presentation required belongingss of cylinder block comparison to the other stuffs. For illustration good machinability is the chief demand in stuff as decided that the whole cylinder block is traveling to be machi ned. And aluminum in general rate extremely in the machinability tabular array by most of the standards. The ground for taking the aluminum metals are described subsequently in deep. A fabrication procedure converts a stuff into a finished portion or merchandise. The alterations that take topographic point happen with regard to barricade geometry, or they can act upon the internal microstructure and hence the belongingss of the stuff. As followed the undertaking status or restriction the fabrication procedure used here for the whole cylinder block is machining ( 3 axis milling machine ) .So any needed package or other preparation/process to short out the suited fabrication procedure for the cylinder block is non needed here. A fabrication procedure is divided whether the procedure is aggregate conserving or mass reduction. The milling machining procedure is a mass cut downing procedure in which the mass of the start stuff is greater than the terminal merchandise. Such procedure is form coevals procedure because portion signifier is created by the comparative gesture between the tool and the note block. And material removed is caused by controlled break, runing, o r chemical reaction.Merchandise design: –With the traditional method, the interior decorator would work out an initial idea and change over that into a merchandise design, doing little alteration as required to run into the specification. DFM need that the interior decorator begin the procedure by bearing in head assorted design thought alternate early in the path. At this phase, little has been invested in a design option and much can be derive if a more successful design procedure can be developed. Using some of the old design system as a construction, the interior decorator needs to fruitfully develop design option. Then option is evaluated against DFM aims. [ 5 ] Basically the whole cylinder block is designed with taking mention of jaguar AJ-V8 cylinder block. Most of the design geometry in our instance of the cylinder block similar to AJ-V8 except some complex geometry and the size of all design geometry. The new designed cylinder block size is 1/3 of the AJ-V8 cylinder block, means all the design characteristics of designed cylinder block will be 1/3 of AJ-V8 design characteristics. The cooling H2O jacket, cylinder dullards, the chief bearing hole, crankshaft transition ( Bulkhead ) and some other little design are complex and clip devouring but the field holes, threaded holes for mounting the accoutrements and other intent are easy to machine. The chief design of the cylinder block is depend on the demand of the terminal merchandise ( Customers ) i.e. light weight, cheap, on clip etc. If the cylinder block is design with support in head of light weight construct so the design will be alteration and add some more clip and complex operation in machining but lighter in weight than old design. Here in this undertaking two different design of cylinder block is generated with maintaining in head of combination of easy machining and light weight construct. The design inside informations are described subsequently on in design subdivision ) . At the design phase of the cylinder block it would be good to maintain in head some factors which makes easy and speedy production. Those factors are Milling machining ( specifications, bounds, capacity etc. ) , Material ( Properties, machinability, handiness etc ) , Tooling ‘s and mounting accoutrements and other particular installations. The improved chief design geometry worked out on base of these factors and available installations are ; Cooling H2O jacket Crankcase/Bed home base /Skirt Coolant drain hole Main bearing cap The above new modified designs characteristics of cylinder block are described in design subdivision in inside informations.Factors act uponing the design of the cylinder blocks:Cylinder block design is a complex activity which has to take into consideration a big figure of varied factors. These factors are by and large grouped in the undermentioned classs: Factors related to merchandise specifications, such as weight, expected service life of block dependability, human factor, easiness of operation, frequence of failure, runing cost, titling, possibility of usage after retirement. Factors related to plan specification such as complexness, design codification, runing tonss, flexibleness, lubrication, thermic consideration, electrical consideration and expected life. Material related factors such as strength, stamina, stiffness, denseness, corrosion and wear opposition, cost, handiness, runing point, thermic conduction, procedure ability and recycling. And the fabrication related factors such as available fiction procedure, truth, surface coating, required measure and quality, bringing clip and cost. Successful design should take into history the map, stuff belongingss and fabricating procedures as shown in the fig below. The fig besides shows that there is secondary relationship between stuff belongingss and fabrication procedures, between map and fabrication procedures, and between map and stuff belongingss. The relationship between the design and stuff belongingss is complicated because the public presentation of the stuff in the finished merchandise can be reasonably different from that of the stock stuff used in doing it. This is shown in fig.which shows the direct influence of stock stuff belongingss, production method and component geometry and external forces on the behavior of stuffs in the finished constituent. Fig besides shows that secondary relationship exists between geometry and production method, between stock stuff and production method, and stock stuff and component geometry. ( Mahmoud m.farag )Factor that should see in a constituent DesignFigure: – Facto rs that should be considered in expecting the behavior of stuff in the constituent ( Cylinder Block )Production system design: –Production system design is connected with the market analysis, merchandise design, fabrication, gross revenues and distribution. In our instance there is no selling analysis and non even gross revenues and distribution so the production system will be easy to plan. Because of this is one-off merchandise it does n't required any large production line or particular equipments. The production system in our instance covers the machining, tooling and other work piece mounting accoutrements. The whole cylinder block is traveling to be machined on the 3-axis manual milling machine. The milling machine is located at Coventry university workshop. In the workshop CNC 5-axis milling machine is besides available but due to the undertaking restraint, the usage of the other machine is non possible. The Numberss of different tools and cutters are required for the machining of the cylinder block which is besides available in workshop.The machine is ever free for making the occupation ( machining ) . For mounting the cylinder block on the machine, it is been decided to utilize spliting caput, and fixture home base. Dividing caput is already available in workshop and in good status. And the fixture is traveling to be design foremost and so manufactured from the dramatis personae Fe individually before the machining of cylinder block. The machining operation can be performed from 9.30 am to 4.30 autopsy in the university workshop. [ 0 ] Boothroyd, G. , 1988, Dewhurst, P. , Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly [ 1 ] Issue in design/manufacture integrating 1990, Sponsored by ; The design for industry commission of the design applied scientist division, ASME, DE-Vol.29 [ 2 ] Design for fabricating a structural approachby corrado poli, University of Massachsetts Amhest,2001 [ 3 ] Design for industry Congress seminar documents – 33, Chairman – J Ford Lucas auto braking Systems. [ 4 ] Design for industry Schemes, Principles and Techniques by toilet Corbett, mikedooner, John Meleka and Christopher Pym.-1991 [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/dfm.html [ 6 ] Engineering Design byGeorge E.Dieter and Linda C.Schmidt-4th Edition, McGraw Hill-2009.

King of Canada

Stat 332 Sampling and Experimental Design: (Due: 12:29pm before class, Friday, Oct 19, 2012) Assignment 2 1. In the upcoming US presidential election this November, Florida is a key swing state that is very important in determining the outcome. Currently the Democratic candidate Barack Obama and the Republican candidate Mitt Romney are virtually tied in recent polls. For this question, you can use 9 million as our population size; this is approximately the total number votes in the 2008 presidential election in Florida. a) The latest poll asked 890 likely voters and found that the proportion of Florida residents likely to vote for the Democratic candidate is 47%, construct a 95% con? dence interval for this estimate under the SRSWOR. By the way, the support for Republican is 46%, and the rest are undecided. (b) If a news organization wants to conduct a SRSWOR survey to ? nd out the percentage of Florida residents supporting the Democratic candidate, what is the sample size needed to achieve a result which is accurate within 0. percentage point, 19 out 20 times? 2. We have 120 students in Stat332. (a) What is the total number of possible samples of size 10 under SRSWOR? (b) Suppose that among the 120 students of Stat332, 60 are male students and 60 are female students. We want to perform a STSRS (strati? ed simple random sampling) with male students and female students being two strata, and we want to survey 5 students from each stratum, what is the total number of possible samples? What is the ratio of the two numbers (STSRS/SRSWOR)? 3. Lohr (2010) Ch3, Q10 part a.Hard shell clams may be sampled by using a dredge. Clams do not tend to be uniformly distributed in a body of water, however, as some areas provide better habitat than others. Thus, taking a simple random sample is likely to result in a large estimated variance for the number of clams in an area. Russell (1972) used strati? ed random sampling to estimate the total number of bushels of hard shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The area of interest was divided into four strata based on preliminary surveys that identi? d areas in which clams were abundant. Then nh dredge tows were made in stratum h, for h = 1, 2, 3, 4. The acreage for each stratum was known, and Russell calculated that the area ? shed during a standard dredge tow was 0. 039 acres, so that we may use Nh = 25. 6 ? Areah . Here are the results from the survey taken before the commercial season. Estimate the total number of bushels of clams in the area, and give the standard error of your estimate. Stratum 1 2 3 4 Area Number of (Acres) Tows Made 222. 81 4 49. 61 6 50. 25 3 197. 1 5 Average Number of Sample Variance Bushels per Tow for Stratum 0. 44 0. 068 1. 17 0. 042 3. 92 2. 146 1. 80 0. 794 4. Assume the sample variance in Q3 is a good estimate for the strata variance, and we want a strati? ed sample size of n = 21. (a) Calculate the stratum sample sizes under proportional allocati on. (b) Calculate the stratum sample sizes under optimal (Neyman) allocation. (c) What are the values (approximately) of V (? st ) with sample size allocations of (a) and y (b), respectively? Compare these two variances and comment. . Foresters want to estimate the average age of trees in a stand. Determining age is cumbersome, because one needs to count the tree rings on a core taken from the tree. In general, though, the older the tree, the larger the diameter, and diameter is easy to measure. The foresters measure the diameter of all 1132 trees and ? nd that the population mean equals 10. 3. They then randomly select 20 trees for age measurement. The data can be downloaded as hw2q5. txt from course website on Waterloo Learn and read into R using d

Manage Stress at University Essays

Manage Stress at University Essays Manage Stress at University Essay Manage Stress at University Essay Stress occurs in human life is frequency because there are many challenge people need to face in daily. Also it is a part of student’s life, when the student study at university, they may face more difficult problem such as more expectation from their parents, financial problems, exam or assignment. There are many definitions about stress, one definition of stress is the body’s reaction from any situation or thought that changes a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. (Morrow, 2009) Sometimes appropriate stress is good for student as it pushed them to work better. It means that they can enhance their performance, including in exam. However, stress bring harmful more than beneficial, it can separate to physical and mental to present itself. In this essay, it will talk about the symptoms of stress and strategies of manage stress at university. When student was overwhelmed by stress, it can show by physical. Pain may normal in our life but sometime it is because of stress, even though we may not realize it, such as headache, back pain, chest pain and stomach upset, that is the symptoms of stress. Also, long time living with stress can affect health, it may lead to some disease, for instance heart disease, heart palpitations and high blood pressure. One of the symptoms of stress is sleep problems, it can affect student frequent forgetfulness or decreased productivity at exam, also, long time cannot get enough sleep that can cause decreased immunity. (Mayo Clinic staff,2009) Moreover, stress can bring about mental problem. There are some symptoms is about emotion was affected by stress. When student live under pressure, they may always feel anger and they will arguing with their friends or loves one by little provocation or no reason. Stress also can make student feel lonely or isolated, they may trigger crying jags, sometimes seemingly without warning, even they may cry for little things unrelated to their stress. Furthermore, too much stress to take, it will make student avoid the problems, feel hopeless or simply give up and chronic stress can develop to depression or anxiety disorders. They may think negativity when they can’t cope with stress. As they are automatically expect the worst or magnify the negative aspects of any undesirable situation. (Mayo Clinic staff, 2010) There are many strategies to cope of stress, here will provide two methods to help student cope well with stress. First, when you can’t avoid a stress situation, try to change it that may involve change the way of communicate and operate in the daily life. Student may feel resentment sometimes, some of them will endure it but it is not a good way to deal the stress. When student depressive their emotion in a long term, it may develop to mental illness. The better method is expressing their feelings and finds the best way of communication. If does not to convey the feelings, the discontented situation will likely remain the same. Something we have to be willing to compromise. When we hope others to change the treatment to ourselves, others are expecting the same things. For example, if both sides quarrel over something, they can mutually making a compromise and that can peaceful to solve the problem. Manage time better also can help to reduce pressure, as poor time management can cause time to be disperse and influence to study. Smith, Jaffe-Gill amp; Segal, 2008) Make a daily schedule, from social events to assignments to housework, and selective the quality things to do, it better is effective and don’t forget to set aside time for rest. In addition, some source of stress is unavoidable and unable to change, the best way is learn how to accept. Life has too many things under the control such as death, disease and behaviour of others. Student may focus on something can control by themselves, like reaction of the problem and try to face it positive. There are many challenge is a part of development, perhaps we may fault in the process, try to learn from mistake and improve the defect. Also, share the experience with someone can trust until overcome by stress. Even it does not have any realistic action, at least it can release negative emotion. The world is not perfect, everyone can make a mistake and that is a fact student need to accept, so learn to forgive, life will be easier. Negative mood can cause student make a wrong decision and injury the spirits by themselves, therefore let go of the negative energy that is the best way to go on of life. Smith, Jaffe-Gill amp; Segal, 2008) In conclusion, stress is deeply affecting our life, no one can avoid it. It is affect to physical and mental and it can lead to health problem. Therefore, manage stress is very important. Try to alter the situation and accept the things can’t change, even if something out of our expectation, try to face it be optimistic. Student also can do so me exercise to relax themselves. Although this essay only is written two forms of stress and strategies, students will get these problems normally. Reference list Morrow, A. R. N. 2009, Stress  Definition, viewed June 18, http://dying. bout. com/od/glossary/g/stress. htm Mayo Clinic staff, 2009, Stress symptoms: Effects on your body, feelings and behavior, viewed Feb, 20, mayoclinic. com/health/stress-symptoms/SR00008_D Mayo Clinic staff, 2010, Stress management: Reexamine your stress reactions, viewed July 23, mayoclinic. com/health/stress-management/SR00032 Smith, M. M. A. Jaffe-Gill, E. M. A. amp; Segal, R. M. A. 2008, Stress Management How to Reduce, prevent, and Cope with Stress, viewed December, helpguide. org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping. htm#authors

Why did the Continental Congress select George Washington of Virginia Research Paper

Why did the Continental Congress select George Washington of Virginia to command its army Assess Washingtons service as commander of the Continental forces - Research Paper Example He was designated as the General and Commander in Chief of the United Colonies (Schwartz 20). It is apparent that several factors must have influenced the Continental congress decision in selecting George Washington to be the Commander of the continental forces. He was a Southerner and delegates believed he was the best man who could unite all the colonies (Martin 25). George Washington was also wealthy; hence the delegates of the Continental congress believed that Washington could not be influenced by corruption in his duties. George Washington was also courageous and fearless and a determined competent leader. He was going to head a military which was under civilian rule of the new congress. Washington understood fully all his functions as a military leaders since he choose strategies, operations and tactics which led to victory (Martin 32). In March 1776, he carried out his first tactical attack by occupying the Dorchester Heights after planting artillery which brought down Fort Ticonderoga. This move forced British to evacuate from Boston. Washington courage made him cross to Delaware on a cold and stormy night where he attacked Hessian garrison of Trenton, New Jersey and captured more than 900 prisoners. Tactically he avoided British forces traps from a large force which was deployed in Trenton. His success and withdrawal to Princeton compelled the British forces to eastern New Jersey. He continued attaining victories by mastering his battlefield strategies. He held the army together and avoided any discontentment amongst his Continental forces (Schwartz 28). He confronted General Howe’s forces in Philadelphia but was defeated but did not give up hence he decided to relocate to York. His tactical capabilities made him decide to send his well trained forces to the North in order to counter any threat of invasion from Canada by British force which was under General Burgoyne. He prevented the attempts of General Howe to rescue General

The LPN To Transition 2. APA Formating Transition into Scholarly Essay - 1

The LPN To Transition 2. APA Formating Transition into Scholarly Writing - Essay Example There are many differences in the roles of LPN and RN, as RNs has more authority and power than an LPN. Registered nurses have a larger role in the healthcare of patients. The duty of RN is deeply to analyze the issues pertaining to the health of a patient and to relate the condition of a patient with the health status of the patient. Licensed practical nurse does not have a wide scope, but they are more tasks oriented and the working criteria of LPN are less than that of RN (Weydt, 2009). The main role of RN is to perform an initial assessment of the patient as it an essential part of the duty. LPNs can perform assessments but not the initial assessment. As the criteria of work of an RN are much greater than an LPN, it has to perform more duties that include the formulating the diagnosis of a patient and to form a care plan for the patient. The primary role of LPN is to make sure that the formulated care plan made by RN is put into action. RNs have the authority to delegate the work to LPNs (Ebright, Patterson, Chalko, & Render, 2003). LPNs have no authority over RN, but they are only allowed to work on those tasks that lie in their scope as defined by their license of that state. At some workplaces, RN directly supervises the work of an LPN and make sure that the LPN performs his task in the provided manner. LPNs have no authority to make changes in the healthcare plan of the patient but if there in a need to do so, the LPN must call and report the issue to RN and get their approval, to do the needful changes. There are various advantages of an RN as compared to LPN in this field. Few strategies and suggestions can help in the transition of LPN to RN and become successful in the work. To transit from License practical nurse to Registered nurse, the applicant must either take an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a